Studies & science

This page reviews the ingredients used in the formula through a scientific lens—without medical promises and without hype. A key point: health claims are tightly regulated in Europe under Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. That’s why we clearly separate authorised health claims from research findings that may be reported in studies but are not automatically permitted as marketing statements.

✅️ At a glance (straightforward & practical)

⚙️ How we assess evidence

It’s not enough that something has “been studied”—what matters is how. The most informative evidence typically comes from:

Equally important: effect size, study duration, population (e.g., overweight, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes), and whether an effect is meaningful outside a controlled setting.

☑️ Formula overview (per daily serving: 1 capsule)

Jump to ingredients:

☘️ Chromium (as chromium picolinate): Authorised claims, communicated properly

Chromium is the component with the clearest regulatory footing. Within the authorised health-claims list (including Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012), the following statements are authorised for chromium, among others:

The scientific basis for these claims was assessed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA, 2010: Chromium – Health Claims).

For context on quantity: the Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) for chromium is 40 µg (Annex XIII of the food information regulation; Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 – Annex XIII). A daily serving of 100 µg therefore sits clearly above that reference level—a transparent, easy-to-check figure.

☕️ Green tea extract (Camellia sinensis): What meta-analyses show—and what they don’t

Green tea catechins (often considered alongside caffeine) have been studied for years in relation to energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body measurements. A frequently cited meta-analysis by Phung et al. (2010) found that green tea catechins with caffeine were associated with statistically significant changes in BMI, body weight, and waist circumference in studies—while also stressing that clinical relevance is typically modest.

From a trust perspective, safety matters just as much as outcomes. For concentrated green tea catechin extracts, authorities have reviewed potential liver-related effects at very high EGCG intakes. A key reference is the EFSA Scientific Opinion (2018) on the safety of green tea catechins. In plain terms: green tea is scientifically interesting—but responsible communication stays precise about dose, context, and safety.

☘️ Apple cider vinegar: Interesting, but not a shortcut

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is often studied in humans in relation to satiety, post-meal glucose response, and body measurements. The overall picture is mixed, and results can vary depending on population, dose, and study design.

A current systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs is Castagna et al. (2025). The authors examined ACV effects on body-composition and anthropometric outcomes in populations with overweight and/or type 2 diabetes. The take-home: there are signals of changes in some outcomes, but the evidence is not robust enough to justify sweeping promises.

A practical note: ACV can irritate the stomach in sensitive individuals, and regular exposure to acidic liquids may matter for dental enamel. Again—context before “quick fixes”.

⚡️ Berberine HCl: A strong metabolic research profile—with real considerations

Clinically, berberine is most often studied in relation to metabolic markers (e.g., glucose and lipid parameters). For anthropometrics (weight, BMI, waist), meta-analyses report average changes across trials—yet with substantial variation in dose, duration, baseline status, and study quality.

Two accessible meta-analyses are Xiong et al. (2020) and Asbaghi et al. (2020). Both pooled RCTs and concluded that berberine was associated with reductions in weight/BMI/waist in some study populations—while highlighting heterogeneity across the evidence base.

For a more recent, modern trial design, Lei et al. (2026, JAMA Network Open) examined berberine in a six-month setting among individuals with obesity and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), including endpoints such as visceral fat area and liver fat.

Safety and interactions: berberine isn’t a “lightweight” ingredient. If you take medication or have a medical condition, professional advice is sensible before starting any supplement routine. Responsible use means being conservative, clear, and transparent—rather than loud.

⚠️ Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia): Glycaemic markers in studies—and why coumarin matters

Cinnamon is often investigated in clinical studies for glycaemic markers, particularly in people with type 2 diabetes. A large meta-analysis of RCTs is Moridpour et al. (2024), which reports effects on outcomes such as fasting glucose and HbA1c.

But the safety side needs to be part of the conversation: cassia cinnamon can contain relevant amounts of coumarin. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment summarises this clearly and recommends avoiding higher intakes over longer periods (BfR: FAQ on coumarin in cinnamon).

A responsible conclusion: cinnamon can show up in studies for glycaemic outcomes—but with cassia, coumarin is part of the overall assessment, not a footnote.

☘️ Ginger: Signals for body composition—with clear limits

Ginger has a broad human research footprint, including work on inflammatory markers, digestion, and—in some studies—body-composition measures. A GRADE-assessed systematic review with dose–response meta-analysis is Rafieipour et al. (2024). The authors report that ginger intake may influence body-composition parameters, while also calling for more well-designed RCTs.

In practical terms: ginger is a plausible, well-tolerated ingredient for many people—but it shouldn’t be presented as a guarantee. It sits in the “supportive” category, best viewed as part of a wider routine.

❗️ Cayenne / capsaicinoids: A small lever via energy intake

Capsaicinoids are often linked to thermogenesis, appetite regulation, and energy intake. A systematic review with meta-analysis of energy-intake data is Whiting et al. (2014). The results suggest capsaicinoids may be associated with reduced energy intake in studies—while emphasising the need for longer-term data.

For mechanisms and context, Whiting et al. (2012) is a useful companion reference.

⚠️ Bitter orange / p-synephrine: Safety first—and that’s non-negotiable

Bitter orange (and p-synephrine) is well known in weight-management circles, but the evidence base demands caution. A systematic review with meta-analysis is Koncz et al. (2022) (also freely available via PMC). The core finding: synephrine tends to increase blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no strong evidence that it reliably supports weight loss.

Responsible wording here is never “more energy, more fat burning”. It is: may not be suitable for everyone, especially for those with cardiovascular concerns or stimulant sensitivity. For acute physiological effects, the older human study Bui et al. (2006) is frequently cited.

⚗️ Banaba / corosolic acid: Niche evidence, but interesting glucose endpoints

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa) and corosolic acid appear in smaller human trials, most commonly in relation to glucose parameters. A clear example is the randomised, double-blind crossover study by Hibi et al. (2022), which looked at a two-week supplementation period in relation to OGTT parameters.

For a metabolic syndrome context, a small RCT design is also relevant—for example López-Murillo et al. (2022). This isn’t “slam-dunk” evidence, but it does show why banaba is more than a marketing invention.

⭐️ Panax ginseng: Lots of tradition, mixed human data for body measurements

Panax ginseng is widely studied, but the overall picture for anthropometrics is fairly restrained. A systematic review and meta-analysis that addresses this is Miraghajani et al. (2020), which found no significant overall effect on weight, BMI, or waist across the included RCTs.

Individual studies may differ—particularly in specific populations or with microbiome-related hypotheses (e.g., Song et al., 2014). For a reliable “trust” summary, though, the overall evidence base isn’t strong enough for big claims about body measurements.

✳️ Resveratrol: Interesting biology, clinically not definitive

Resveratrol is a well-studied polyphenol candidate. A dose–response meta-analysis of RCTs is Mousavi et al. (2019), which reported reductions in weight/BMI/waist in some subgroups. At the same time, other meta-analyses are less conclusive—for instance Delpino et al. (2021), which did not support a clear “anti-obesity” effect overall.

That’s not a contradiction—it’s what a real evidence base looks like. Outcomes can differ by baseline status, dose, and design. The responsible approach is to be transparent about that variability.

✅️ What this means in practice (without the fog)

⛓ Selected sources (directly accessible)